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The missing ingredient in how we learn - Video học tiếng Anh
听力练习
听力练习
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The missing ingredient in how we learn
The missing ingredient in how we learn
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In 1851, the Prussian government feared that Friedrich Fröbel’s
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scandalous new approach to education might teach disobedience
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and lead to peasant rebellion.
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The name of Fröbel’s school?
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Kindergarten.
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Its controversial curriculum included singing and dancing,
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gardening, painting, and playing.
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Prussia banned kindergarten,
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enforcing a strict system of supervised classrooms and government-approved lessons
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that clearly separated learning time from play time.
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And over the next century,
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the Prussian model inspired public school systems around the world.
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But while it might seem traditional now,
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the belief that play and learning are at odds with each other
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is a relatively new idea.
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Before the last few centuries,
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children around the world spent most of their time learning through play:
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observing and mimicking adults, roaming their surroundings,
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and sharing what they learned with friends and family.
1:10
Many communities and educators still believe play
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is one of the best teachers we have,
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and they’ve taken a variety of approaches
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to keep this kind of self-directed learning alive.
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In his Kindergartens,
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Fröbel provided specially designed toys
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to help kids learn concepts like volume, density,
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and even the principles of geometry.
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And today, Montessori schools continue to embrace toy-based learning.
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Montessori toys— or materials, as they call them—
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are rigorously designed to isolate and teach specific concepts.
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For example to learn math,
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babies and toddlers might explore dimension with fat wooden cylinders,
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then unlock more spatial reasoning with a set of pink, stackable blocks.
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Older children tackle a set of brown stairs to learn about height,
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while a series of red rods reveals the secrets of length and balance.
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Teachers gently guide this exploration by asking students questions
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and suggesting material specific activities—
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like arranging the rods in order of size.
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But Montessori classrooms also have a range of ages
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and low teacher to student ratios
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to encourage students to explore the materials together
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and learn from each other.
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Reggio Emilia schools also give students sensory objects to explore together,
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but they're especially focused on letting the students direct their learning.
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Every corner of a Reggio classroom is designed to reward curiosity,
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allowing students to follow their interests
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and express themselves with a variety of artistic tools.
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Even when Reggio teachers do assign formal projects,
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they start by asking students open-ended questions—
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from how to make a model ship float or sink
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to how they should decorate an art studio.
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Then they design the project to explore the student’s assumptions and interests,
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weaving in their curriculum along the way.
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Skeptics might argue that self-directed learning lets kids avoid the subjects
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they’re not as interested in,
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leading some students to fall behind.
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But most of these schools use an interdisciplinary approach
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to ensure no subject is left behind.
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For example, in project-based Laboratory Schools,
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the day might start by solving a number puzzle,
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then using the answers to compose a piece of music or three dimensional art.
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By choosing to explore overlapping concepts through multiple projects,
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teachers can show different practical applications
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that make abstract ideas feel concrete and useful.
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In all these models, giving students more agency comes with challenges.
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Different kids have different needs,
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so educators have to be sensitive and able to adapt.
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From rearranging the room to redirecting attention,
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teachers need to respond to each student
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while maintaining a safe, playful environment for all.
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This requires buckets of emotional intelligence, prep time,
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and trust from both parents and their school’s administration.
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But for many educators and learners, the effort is worth it.
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A 2023 analysis of over 30 studies
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found that Montessori education outperformed traditional schools
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in language and math learning,
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as well as in developing creativity and social skills.
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And these benefits go beyond early learning.
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Many universities are moving from lecture-based learning
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towards long-term projects and roundtable discussions.
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MIT’s Lifelong Kindergarten
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tries to extend a playful, creativity-first approach
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to learners of all ages,
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giving students a variety of physical and digital tools
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to explore, experiment, and express themselves.
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Some architecture and engineering students even use Fröbel’s special toys
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to hone their design principles and spatial reasoning—
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showing that it’s not only children who learn through play.
