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Lost Tombs Discovered and Revealed | Unearthed | Science Channel - Video học tiếng Anh
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Lost Tombs Discovered and Revealed | Unearthed | Science Channel
Lost Tombs Discovered and Revealed | Unearthed | Science Channel
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उपशीर्षक (199)
0:06
At Trelleborg, almost 900,000 cubic feet of earth, stone and clay make up nearly a third
0:13
of a mile of 56 foot thick earth ramparts.
0:19
Just outside the walls lies a burial site with over 100 skeletons, some in mass graves.
0:30
Clues suggest that 16 Viking longhouses sit behind heavily defended walls.
0:42
So what exactly is Trelleborg and why was it built?
0:49
Trelleborg doesn't appear in any written records.
0:53
Archaeologists didn't even realize it was a Viking structure until the 1930.
0:59
It's really a fantastic and magnificent monument.
1:03
Triloba.
1:06
And Christine Larsson is Trelleborgs director.
1:12
Until experts started digging here, it was thought most Vikings only lived in small
1:17
farms and villages.
1:20
Tyler is a very unique site in many senses.
1:23
It's nothing like the villages around Trelleborg.
1:28
Looks like a simple structure with ramparts made of earth and piled stones.
1:35
But archaeologists like Ann Christine can tell from detailed surveys that Trelleborg is
1:42
a masterpiece of advanced engineering.
1:45
A geometrically perfect circle some 450ft across, aligned to the compass.
1:53
It's quite clever, actually.
1:57
Tournament has four gates and they are pointed to the compass, meaning that one is
2:02
pointed to north, one to the south, one east, one west.
2:07
And Christine thinks Trelleborg showcases an astonishing new level of sophistication in
2:12
Viking architecture.
2:15
Thousand years ago, when the Vikings built this fortress, they put out the ramparts.
2:20
Very accurate, completely circular.
2:23
And it's amazing that today we actually need this to do what the Vikings did without any
2:30
equipment.
2:33
A ring is the perfect shape for a fortress, with a clear line of sight from every point
2:37
on the wall. But Ann Christine suspects that Trelleborgs precise geometry goes far beyond
2:43
what's needed for defense.
2:45
This was designed to display prestige and power.
2:49
So what exactly went on here?
2:52
A clue might be hidden on the other side of these ramparts.
2:58
Outside the Vikings structure.
3:02
Archaeologists have uncovered a grisly surprise.
3:08
157 skeletons in a major Viking cemetery.
3:15
Buried with one of the bodies are the remains of a massive battle ax adorned with
3:19
intricate silver inlay.
3:21
Its blade over a foot long.
3:24
In its day, this would have been a valuable and lethally effective weapon.
3:29
But were all of the people buried here Warriors?
3:33
And can they reveal why Trelleborg was built?
3:40
Today, the hundreds of bone fragments discovered at Trelleborg are locked away
3:45
securely underground.
3:47
Here at the University of Copenhagen, forensic anthropologist Niels Lynnerup is
3:55
trying to solve the mystery of what these warriors were doing here.
3:59
Having the bones really adds an extra dimension to what we know about Trelleborg.
4:05
The sheer number of bone fragments makes it difficult to work out how many individuals
4:10
were buried at Trelleborg.
4:13
In this box here, for instance, is clear that we have fragments of several of the limb
4:19
bones, the long bones, and of the skull.
4:22
Well, we really have only the mandible, see, with a couple of teeth in.
4:28
As he expects, most of the bones do appear to belong to young warriors.
4:35
There's very little abrasion on the third molar, which erupted when you're 18 at
4:40
Trelleborg. We find more young males than we would do in, let's say, more ordinary village
4:48
cemetery.
4:50
But what really shocks Nils are some of the other skeletons buried with these fighters?
4:58
Surprisingly, even though we have a lot of young males.
5:03
This is an old individual which can be seen again from the mandible.
5:07
This is probably an old female, maybe 4050 years of age.
5:12
So why was a woman considered elderly for the time, living alongside a force of Viking
5:18
soldiers? Nils believes she was part of an army of workers who supported the young
5:22
warriors. Inside Trelleborg.
5:28
Archaeologists found parts of a loom, revealing that skilled female weavers made
5:33
cloth for tunics and cloaks.
5:38
The people here also smelted raw materials into pure metals.
5:48
Anvils found within Trelleborg reveal blacksmiths repaired weapons and forged new
5:54
ones. This was a hugely sophisticated fortress, one of the most impressive in
6:01
northern Europe, built with incredible precision on an extraordinary scale.
6:10
The Vikings traditional way of life was raiding and fighting before returning home to
6:15
tend to their farms.
6:17
But these Vikings appear to be a garrison stationed inside a permanent military base.
6:24
Probably be compared a bit to Roman camps in England.
6:28
So again, I think it reflects sort of a military encampment where an army has been
6:34
stationed for some time.
6:40
1500 years ago, the Roman Empire was falling apart.
6:45
Fierce tribes invaded, led by warriors like Attila the Hun.
6:53
Why was Rome unable to stop them?
6:57
What had happened to this superpower of the ancient world?
7:01
The German city of Trier that was once an important Roman settlement could hold the
7:07
answers. Dr.
7:11
Markus Reuter is head of Trier's team of archaeologists, scientists and historians.
7:18
He wants to find out what was making Roman life here crumble.
7:24
We do not know exactly how tria collapsed.
7:28
It is a great mystery what happened to the city.
7:31
There are more questions than answers.
7:37
Markus's team investigates a 10,000 square foot area north of the city, a Roman burial
7:43
ground. Could it hold a clue to the fate of Trier's last Roman citizens?
7:51
Hidden beneath the modern city.
7:54
The dense clay soil is perfect for preserving bones.
7:59
Digging down more than ten feet below the surface.
8:03
Reveals layer after layer of human remains.
8:10
Each Roman household buried their dead in a tightly arranged plot, often alongside a
8:15
selection of coins, pottery and jewellery.
8:20
The dead are crammed into a 3D jigsaw puzzle.
8:26
So how many people were living in Trier when the barbarians attacked?
8:30
And when did they all die?
8:34
It's fantastic for me and for my colleagues to work here.
8:39
Every day we find new objects, graves and something more.
8:46
Marcus joins the team on their 12th excavation north of the city wall.
8:51
Each dig reveals hundreds of bodies.
8:55
The colleagues find about 150 graves in this part, but it's only a small piece of a much
9:02
larger cemetery with thousands of graves.
9:06
The overall size of the cemetery is staggering.
9:10
Marcus discovers that Trier, in its Roman heyday, was a crowded metropolis.
9:18
But in the five hundreds, after the age of Attila, it was a shadow of its former self.
9:25
In Roman times, there were about 80,000 inhabitants in Trier.
9:29
But in medieval times there were only about 5000 inhabitants.
9:35
So was a series of bloody attacks responsible for this dramatic decline.
9:40
Or was something else behind the fall in the city's fortunes?
9:47
Trier thrived for over 400 years, sitting near the frontier of the Roman Empire.
9:54
It bordered lands occupied by fierce barbarian tribes.
10:00
Ancient historians say that Roman Trier suffered assaults from these barbarians time
10:06
and time again.
10:10
One of the most devastating attacks in this area was in 451 AD, when Attila's Huns
10:16
rampaged across Europe.
10:20
But is the decrease in population really related to repeated invasions by hostile
10:26
tribes? To find out.
10:30
Marcus needs to work out exactly when the population fell.
10:35
And if it corresponds with the time of the invasion.
10:39
The burial plots are incredibly dense.
10:43
This makes it difficult to know which bones belong to which century.
10:48
The key to dating these remains is not the bodies themselves, but all the items buried
10:53
with them. The team uses the grave goods to date each burial.
10:58
This helps them build up an image of how many people died in each century.
11:03
It's a great problem to deal with the enormous finds.
11:08
We have much more excavations inside and outside the city, and there are hundreds,
11:13
thousands of objects of pottery, of coins, of stones and.
11:19
Much more.
11:22
The dig team sends all their finds here.
11:27
Trier's cavernous storage depots.
11:31
Every single item, human remains or grave goods is categorized and boxed up, ready for
11:38
further analysis.
11:40
All these boxes come from one excavation.
11:43
Last year it was a small area, but we found over 350 Roman graves.
11:52
Sifting through the fines is a mammoth task.
11:56
But Marcus makes an incredible discovery.
12:00
Trier's population seemed to simply disappear.
12:03
About 100 years before Attila was even born.
12:08
Most of them are dating in the first and the second century AD, some of them are dating in
12:14
the third century AD.
12:16
So where are the fourth and fifth century people?
12:19
We don't know.
12:20
It's a great mystery and we're still looking for these people.
12:28
Archaeologists have now pieced together some of the biggest mysteries of the Spanish
12:33
conquest of Peru, revealing how fewer than 200 conquistadors brought down an empire and
12:40
made it their own.
12:42
The Spanish thought that their civilization was better than that of the Incas, and so
12:48
they wanted to impose it right on top of the Inca civilization.
12:52
But there's one final missing piece of the puzzle.
12:55
What happened to the Incas themselves?
12:58
Why did they seem to disappear?
13:02
Now a sensational discovery high in the Andes could reveal the answers.
13:10
In 1985, on the fringes of the Inca Empire in the Aconcagua mountains, hikers discovered
13:17
the remains of a mummified boy.
13:22
They found him in a semicircular stone structure.
13:27
Wrapped in Inca textiles and surrounded by offerings to the gods.
13:32
Forensics suggest the boy was the victim of an Inca ritual sacrifice.
13:37
Taken up the mountain, drugged and killed with a blow to the head.
13:43
The boy's body was so well preserved that over 500 years later, his DNA is still
13:49
intact. The Aconcagua boy was an Inca born near Cusco.
14:00
Geneticist Antonio Salas thinks his mummified body could hold the secrets of what
14:05
happened to all the Incas after the conquest.
14:13
Antonio tests a DNA sample taken from the boy's corpse.
14:18
We are analyzing.
14:20
The DNA from the mummy, and we are comparing the profile of this mummy with the profile of
14:27
the populations living in South America.
14:30
Antonio's team expects to find people in South America still carrying traces of the
14:35
Incas genetic profile.
14:39
But he makes a shocking discovery.
14:43
Almost nobody at all carries it.
14:46
It's as if the Incas simply vanished.
14:50
We see a continuous population growth till the arrival of Europeans.
14:56
And from this point there was a population decline.
15:02
Antonio's investigations suggests the Spanish didn't just take over the Inca's empire, but
15:07
also wiped out thousands of Inca families.
15:12
Did the invaders commit genocide?
15:16
The population decline of the Incas could be due to military conflicts, but also because
15:24
they married with Europeans.
15:27
So what you observe is that the DNA was diluted.
15:32
But could something else have played an even bigger role in the decline of the Incas?
15:37
When they stepped off their boats, the Spanish brought with them an invisible killer
15:42
a completely new set of diseases, including the lethal smallpox.
15:49
Their immunity system were not prepared for to fight against these germs.
15:55
The arrival of the Europeans was very tragic.
15:58
For Incas.
16:00
For the indigenous people.
16:02
Disease was a time bomb.
16:04
We know that even today in the Amazon region, the populations suffer from the impact of
16:13
diseases when they enter in contact with people coming from other regions.
16:23
With no natural resistance.
16:25
European illnesses swept through the empire's population like wildfire, killing
16:30
millions. War, intermarriage and deadly germs destroyed the last great pre-Hispanic
16:36
civilization of the Andes, the Incas.
16:40
When the Spanish conquered Peru, the Inca Empire was completely dismembered.
16:44
Essentially, what was going on was a massive and thorough looting operation, which was
16:49
literally obliterating virtually everything they'd done.
16:54
Today, the Incas huge buildings have nearly all vanished.
16:58
But visitors still marvel at the fragments that are left.
