Home
लॉगिन
रजिस्टर
सीखने की सामग्री
Loading...
Politics in the Animal Kingdom: Single Transferable Vote - Video học tiếng Anh
श्रवण अभ्यास
श्रवण अभ्यास
/
Video
/
CGP Grey
/
Politics in the Animal Kingdom: Single Transferable Vote
Politics in the Animal Kingdom: Single Transferable Vote
सीखने का मोड चुनें:
उपशीर्षक देखें
शब्द चुनें
शब्द को फिर से लिखें
Highlight:
4000 IELTS Words
3000 Oxford Words
5000 Oxford Words
3000 Common Words
1000 TOEIC Words
5000 TOEFL Words
उपशीर्षक (119)
0:00
Queen Lion is looking to make the elections in her animal kingdom more fair.
0:03
Currently she divides her citizens into ranges each of which selects one representative to
0:07
go to the jungle council which makes laws for the kingdom.
0:10
But her citizens are unhappy, and it's easy to see why: the council is full of monkeys.
0:15
Of course some of her citizens are monkeys, but not all of them.
0:18
This council doesn't fairly represent her kingdom.
0:21
Queen lion visits one of the ranges to find out what's wrong and how to fix it.
0:25
In this range there five monkeys, four tigers, three owls, two lynx and one buffalo.
0:30
One of each runs for representative and all citizens vote for their own species.
0:34
The election rule is that the candidate with the most votes wins, which is the monkey.
0:38
But it's a pretty unsatisfying result considering that 2/3rds of citizens in this range *aren't*
0:43
monkeys and wouldn't vote for monkeys.
0:45
This is the same across all the ranges of the kingdom, the monkeys have more votes than
0:50
anybody else, so they win all the elections, even though they are a minority of the total
0:55
population.
0:56
Closer inspection reveals that the independent advisors hired to draw the range boundaries
1:00
in the first place weren't as independent as they first appeared.
1:03
The result is unhappy citizens who don't trust the jungle council to make the fairest laws
1:07
for all, quite rightly.
1:09
Now Queen lion wants to maximize the number of citizens happy with the election results.
1:13
One way to do that is to abolish the ranges and use a proportional system...
1:17
...But her citizens *want* local representatives.
1:19
So Queen lion needs a system that both make her citizens happier by having a more representative
1:24
council while keeping local elections in place.
1:27
After doing a little research she finds out how: Single Transferable Vote.
1:31
The big change with STV is that ranges send more than one representative, which may seem
1:36
weird, but queen lion decides to test it out: she takes three ranges which used to each
1:40
send one representative and combines them into one bigger range that will send three.
1:45
On election day citizens go to the polls and the results in this new range are just the
1:49
same as they were in the old ranges: 34% for Monkey, 33% for Owl and 33% for Lynx.
1:53
But this isn't most votes wins: with STV to figure out the winners take the total votes
1:56
and divide by the number of representatives needed, in this case 3 which gives 33% as
2:02
the amount a candidates needs to win.
2:04
So *all three* candidates go to the council -- which accurately represents the citizens
2:08
in the range.
2:09
Whereas under the old system each range would have sent a monkey.
2:13
Leaving 2/3rd of the citizens without representation.
2:15
A bigger range with more representatives allows the range to be more proportional.
2:20
This test turned out well, but it was also as simple as could be -- now Queen Lion wants
2:24
to see what happens in a race where not everyone is a winner.
2:27
The next big range she tests has five candidates running for office: Gorilla, Tasier, Monkey,
2:32
Tiger, and Lynx, three of which can be representatives.
2:36
Election day comes and goes, and here are the results of citizens first choices:
2:40
Tasier gets 5% Gorilla gets 28%
2:43
Monkey gets 33% Tiger gets 21%
2:46
Lynx gets 13%
2:47
As before, a candidate needs 33% to win.
2:50
Monkey has that as so is immediately selected as one of the three representatives.
2:55
But no one else reached the winning 33% so how are the other two representatives selected?
2:59
Step one: get rid of the biggest loser.
3:01
Sorry tasier -- you really had no chance at all.
3:04
Now, when the citizens voted, they could have just put an X next to the candidate they liked
3:07
most but with STV they can also rank their favorite candidates.
3:12
This is important because it shows how the election would have turned out if one of the
3:16
candidates hadn't run.
3:18
Tiny and Worried Tasiers would have voted for the big calm gorilla without tasier in
3:22
the race.
3:23
So if their candidate can't win, they want their votes to go to Gorilla instead.
3:28
This pushes gorilla up to 33% and he become the next representative.
3:32
Ranking allows citizens to support their favorite candidate without worry -- there's no point
3:36
in strategizing about how everyone else is going to vote.
3:38
The system works to maximize voter happiness with the result.
3:42
Back to the range: there's still one representative to select, so the next biggest loser is Lynx.
3:46
His voters don't like simians, but they do think tiger's interests are similar to theirs
3:50
and so if Lynx can't win they want him to have their votes.
3:53
Tiger gets reaches 33% and becomes the third and final representative.
3:57
The election result looks pretty good especially considering citizens first *and* second choices.
4:02
Now more citizens have a local representative they can feel comfortable approaching, whereas
4:06
using the old system, everybody gets a monkey.
4:09
Lastly queen lion wants know what happens in a range with just two political parties.
4:13
Under the most-votes-wins systems, multiple candidates from the same party would be a
4:17
disaster: they'd split their voters and hand the win to their opposition.
4:20
Queen lion makes one last test range with 2/3rd tigers and 1/3 gorillas that as before,
4:26
needs three representatives.
4:28
Because with STV citizens rank their candidates there can be more than one candidate running
4:33
at the same time without any problems.
4:36
The tigers run two candidates as do the gorillas.
4:40
White tiger becomes the first representative, but what happens next?
4:52
While tiger seems to be the biggest loser, it's also obvious that he would have gotten
4:57
way more votes if white tiger wasn't in the race.
5:01
If a candidate has more votes than they need, like white tiger does, the first step is to
5:05
give the extra votes to their second choice.
5:08
This gets tiger to 33% and he becomes the next representative.
5:12
If that seems strange, there are two things to consider:
5:14
1) If instead the extra votes were ignored, and tiger eliminated then the gorillas would
5:18
get the remaining two wins, which would obviously not be represent the range.
5:23
2) Ignoring these 'extra' votes is punishing citizens who backed the popular candidate,
5:27
which makes voters start thinking about how everyone else will vote, rather than what
5:32
they really want.
5:34
If a candidate gets extra votes in the first place it also means that those who voted for
5:39
him are a big section of the population and thus fairly should get more representation.
5:44
Right: after the extra votes go to tiger, the election finishes as before: Silverback
5:48
came in last, is eliminated and his voters' second choice is the younger candidate so
5:52
gorilla gets in.
5:54
And the results are fair.
5:55
Queen Lion has now seen STV work.
5:57
Whether a range has one party or lots the process is still the same:
6:02
1.
6:03
Citizens rank their favorite candidates.
6:04
2.
6:05
Any candidate above the threshold wins immediately, 3.
6:07
'Extra' votes go to their next choice.
6:09
4.
6:10
If no winner, last place is eliminated, and the votes to go their next choice.
6:13
5.
6:14
Repeat until all the winners are found.
6:16
This whole this process is designed to maximize the number of citizens who are happy with
6:20
the result.
6:21
This process gives STV has many advantages over the old, most-votes-wins system:
6:25
1.
6:26
Citizens can honestly vote for their favorite candidate without worrying about what everyone
6:29
else is going to do.
6:30
2.
6:31
It's more proportional.
6:32
So monkeying with the borders matters less.
6:34
3.
6:35
Almost all citizens will have a local representative they actually voted for.
6:39
In the end Queen lion decides to switch the council's elections to Single Transferable
6:42
Vote to make a better jungle council for all.
