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Plato’s infamous Ship of State thought experiment - Michael Vazquez - Video học tiếng Anh
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Plato’s infamous Ship of State thought experiment - Michael Vazquez
Plato’s infamous Ship of State thought experiment - Michael Vazquez
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Legendas (88)
0:08
Imagine a ship struggling in an endless storm.
0:12
Its captain, though strong and commanding, is a terrible navigator.
0:17
Neither he nor his crew have been trained to sail,
0:20
yet they relentlessly vie for control
0:22
through bribery, flattery, and even mutiny.
0:26
In the crow's nest sits a true navigator.
0:29
But her knowledge of the stars, winds, and seasons
0:33
is dismissed by the crew below.
0:36
This dysfunctional vessel is the Ship of State—
0:40
a thought experiment devised by Plato
0:42
to illustrate his frustration with democracy.
0:45
Specifically, the kind of democracy practiced in Athens
0:48
from the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.
0:52
Unlike the forms of representative democracy practiced today,
0:55
where voters elect representatives to enact legislation on their behalf,
0:59
Athenians used a type of direct democracy.
1:04
While Athenian jurors and most officials
1:06
were selected by lottery rather than election,
1:09
every law was voted on directly by the citizens of Athens.
1:14
Specifically, free men born to Athenian parents—
1:18
women, foreigners, and enslaved individuals had no voting power.
1:24
Plato thought this system was destined for ruin.
1:28
And despite the many differences between Athens’ government
1:30
and modern representative democracies,
1:32
many of his fears still ring true today.
1:36
One of Plato’s two major concerns with direct democracy
1:40
was its vulnerability to charismatic public speakers.
1:44
Since laws were voted on in the Assembly,
1:46
confident orators could sway public opinion for their own benefit.
1:51
In fact, this kind of speech was considered so powerful
1:55
a class of paid tutors called sophists emerged
1:59
to educate wealthy families in the art of persuasion.
2:04
As a result, Plato felt democracy rewarded the strongest speakers,
2:09
not those with true political expertise aimed at public welfare.
2:14
His second concern was democracy's obsession with freedom.
2:18
In the “Republic,”
2:19
he outlined how the “license to do whatever one wants”
2:23
would lead people to prioritize their own desires over the common good.
2:27
In the short term, Plato believed this would weaken societal cohesion
2:31
and erode respect for the rule of law.
2:34
But in the long term,
2:36
he worried this ever-increasing chaos would lead to a backlash—
2:40
a yearning for order that would make people vulnerable
2:43
to a charismatic leader promising stability at the cost of liberty.
2:49
In Plato’s opinion,
2:50
all democratic systems were doomed to eventually elect a silver-tongued tyrant
2:56
who exploits the very freedoms that made democracy possible.
3:00
Plato’s early solutions to these problems—
3:02
including handing power to elite philosopher kings—
3:05
leave much to be desired.
3:06
But in his final work, “The Laws,”
3:09
Plato combined democracy and monarchy into a new system
3:13
he hoped would be stable and enduring.
3:16
To explain his idea, Plato docked his unruly Ship of State
3:20
and created a new model: the city of Magnesia.
3:25
In this imaginary land,
3:27
everything is designed to counteract the issues of direct democracy,
3:31
while empowering citizens to be morally and politically engaged.
3:36
Instead of leaving citizens vulnerable to smooth talkers,
3:39
Magnesia weaves persuasion directly into its laws.
3:44
Each law is paired with a “prelude” that outlines the logic behind the law
3:49
and connects it to shared societal values.
3:52
For example, Plato feared that false beliefs about the gods
3:56
would undermine justice.
3:58
So in Magnesia, atheism and impiety are illegal.
4:03
But rather than relying solely on the fear of punishment
4:06
to prevent these crimes,
4:07
the laws against them contain philosophical arguments
4:11
designed to convince citizens to adhere to Magnesia’s official religion.
4:16
Moral education is everywhere in Magnesia,
4:20
and it’s designed to instill shared responsibility.
4:24
This way, citizens can retain the individual freedom they value
4:27
under democracy,
4:28
but their personal goals are more likely to align with the common good.
4:33
Even so, Plato still recommends safeguards against corruption.
4:37
Many of Magnesia’s most powerful positions are held collectively
4:42
rather than individually.
4:44
And strict regulations on buying and selling land
4:47
prevent wealth from pooling in the pockets of an elite minority.
4:51
Obviously, Magnesia is far from perfect.
4:54
Plato’s educational regime is borderline cultish,
4:58
and its constitution requires extremely time-consuming civic engagement
5:01
from every citizen.
5:03
Then again, creating an ideal society probably would take time, attention,
5:10
and education.
5:12
Your perfect world might not look like Plato’s,
5:15
but it will likely require a serious commitment from its citizens
5:19
to guide their Ship of State to a brighter horizon.
