Logo
Home
language
개인정보 처리방침·서비스 약관
Loading...

듣기 연습

듣기 연습/Video/Wendover Productions/The World's Fastest Growing Economy

The World's Fastest Growing Economy

학습 모드 선택:

Highlight:

3000 Oxford Words4000 IELTS Words5000 Oxford Words3000 Common Words1000 TOEIC Words5000 TOEFL Words

자막 (664)

0:00perhaps no world leader spends more of
0:03their time at launch events than the
0:05president of Guyana Dr Aran Ali that's
0:08because the small South American country
0:10is speedrunning National development for
0:13example just weeks ago the president was
0:15at the opening of the Aiden a new luxury
0:18hotel in the capital operated as a
0:20franchise of the Best Western this is
0:22only the country's thirdd aligned with
0:24an international brand and it's badly
0:26needed the country's top Hotel the
0:28Marriott is consistently selling for
0:31over $600 a night as a recent influx of
0:34foreigners has outpaced the country's
0:36ability to build hotel rooms meaning
0:38it's consistently more expensive than
0:40the Marriot in New York's Time Square
0:43but this new hotel in guyana's capital
0:45of Georgetown is the first of a relative
0:47Deluge backed by the country's
0:49government including a four points by
0:51Sheron Hyatt Place AC by Marriott
0:53Courtyard by Marriott and RIS and blue
0:55already announced an in development also
0:58notable enough to Warrant the
0:59president's attend was the opening of
1:01guana's first Starbucks prices are steep
1:04higher in fact than in the US a medium
1:06latte goes for 1400 guanes dollars or
1:09about
1:10$6.75 USD considering just 5 years ago
1:14Guana was one of the poorest countries
1:15in South America with a human
1:17development index lower than that of
1:19Palestine it's remarkable that there are
1:21now enough people with enough disposable
1:23income in Georgetown to sustain such an
1:26expensive coffee shop something similar
1:28can be said for the country's new F
1:30Changs whose opening was also of course
1:32attended by President Dr fanali there an
1:35order of crab wons goes for the
1:37equivalent of $22 us a major reason why
1:41these International brands are setting
1:42up in the country is because there are
1:44now more people from abroad coming into
1:46the country so in addition of course Dr
1:49air fanale was also on hand to receive a
1:51delegation from United Airlines when the
1:53carrier undertook its inaugural flight
1:55from Houston to Georgetown he fulfilled
1:57similar duties when British Airways
1:59started flights the country via St Lucia
2:01reconnecting Guana with its former
2:02Colonial capital of London as recently
2:05as 2019 guana's only flights beyond the
2:07Caribbean region or to Miami and New
2:09York since then in addition to the
2:11Houston and London flights American and
2:13JetBlue added their own flights to New
2:15York Caribbean Airlines to Toronto and
2:17aanka to Bogota there's just suddenly so
2:20much more in demand to get to the nation
2:22and therefore so many more Airlines
2:24willing to take Travelers dollars this
2:26turbocharge development also manifests
2:28in far less flashy ways as well the
2:31President also presided over the launch
2:33event of dynamik q a new Guana based
2:35Enterprise it provider it may not be
2:38exciting but as more and more Tech
2:39dependent companies enter the country
2:41they need a company to sell Hardware
2:42integrate cyber security systems and
2:44provide ongoing support something
2:46similar can be said for this highway
2:47opening as Georgetown grows larger and
2:50rents rise this section of land across
2:52the demara river is suburbanizing and
2:54therefore this higher throughput Road
2:56through the area will help alleviate
2:58commuter traffic behind this all the
3:01reason why Guana is developing so much
3:03so fast is oil and a whole lot of it now
3:09in retrospect it's not some massive
3:10surprise that Guana has oil in fact it
3:13sits directly next to Venezuela the
3:15country with the single largest proven
3:17oil reserves in the entire world
3:20geologists have long speculated that the
3:21same formations extended across the
3:23border into Gana yet Decades of
3:26half-hearted exploration last century
3:27only yielded uneventful discoveries that
3:29were either too small or too difficult
3:31to exploit commercially Exxon held
3:33exploration rights since the late '90s
3:35but it was only around 2013 as these
3:37rights Drew close to expiring that the
3:39company started to form a coalition of
3:41smaller oil companies willing to do what
3:43they weren't in paying $225 million for
3:46the exploratory drilling process in
3:48exchange these companies would get a
3:49portion of the overall oil rights and
3:51therefore Revenue if oil was found at
3:53all but on May 5th 2015 the Deepwater
3:57Champion oil rake broke through to
3:58liquid the ologists were right Gana had
4:02oil it would take some time for the true
4:04scale of this discovery to become clear
4:07as Exxon and its Partners kept exploring
4:09over the years that followed their
4:11understanding of the extent of this oil
4:12deposit grew and grew and grew today 11
4:18billion barrels worth of oil have been
4:20found that by itself is a lot it's a
4:23good bit more than that of Norway or
4:25Ecuador for example but while Guana only
4:27sits around 18th in the world for proven
4:29oil reserves there's a big difference
4:31between it and every other country
4:34higher on the list with a population of
4:36just 830,000 Guana is far far smaller
4:40than every country with more oil meaning
4:43its oil per capita is amongst the
4:44highest in the world beaten only by that
4:47of Kuwait but there is yet still a
4:50difference between Kuwait and Guana
4:52Kuwait is an Emirate a form of monarchy
4:55meaning much of the spoils of its oil
4:57wealth is confined to the ruling family
5:00however is a democracy meaning at least
5:02in theory oil Revenue should be used for
5:05the benefit of the nation and its people
5:07it would therefore be reasonable to
5:09conclude given the style of governance
5:11and the ratio of oil to people that the
5:13scale of change that guyana's oil
5:15Discovery will bring about will be
5:16amongst the greatest any country has
5:20ever seen in just 5 years since the
5:23start of production in 2019 tremendous
5:25change has already unfolded but that's
5:27truly only the start the nation reached
5:30output of 645,000 barrels per day in
5:322024 representing a doubling of 2023
5:35production but based on the expected
5:37output of new projects already in
5:39development G is projected to double
5:42that count to 1.3 million barrels a day
5:45by 2027 and then beyond the sheer scale
5:48the oil's influence is magnified yet
5:50further by its cost it's cheap whereas
5:54globally a barrel tends to cost between
5:55$50 and $60 to pull out of the ground in
5:58Guana the comparatively simple geology
6:00puts it at just
6:01$36 near middle eastern prices oil sells
6:05in a global Marketplace so that leaves
6:07tremendous profit margins against
6:09today's 70 or so dollar per barrel oil
6:11prices with 50% of profits going to the
6:14government and profitability expected to
6:16only grow as project setup costs are
6:18paid off Guana is in for Far Far More
6:21change than the tremendous amount that
6:23is already occurred in five short years
6:27but this change is far from a guarantee
6:29win it would be intuitive on the surface
6:32to expect that a massive influx of cash
6:34into one of the world's poorest
6:36countries would lead to it becoming a
6:37far wealthier one and it will this is
6:40already happening of course its economic
6:42growth rates are quite literally the
6:44fastest in the world but the mere fact
6:46that a country's Topline indicators move
6:48up and to the right is not necessarily a
6:51good thing look no further than guana's
6:53Western neighbor Venezuela as the
6:56country with the world's most oil it
6:58developed almost single-handedly off of
7:00the revenues the resource provided and
7:02this did pull it up to the status as the
7:04wealthiest country in South America for
7:06a period the standard of living in
7:08Caracas was high democracy was stable
7:10the economy was strong but of course the
7:12Venezuela of today is far from that in
7:16fact on the list of the 10 countries
7:17with the largest proven oil reserves the
7:20economic profiles of the Nations vary
7:22widely there are some of the world's
7:23wealthiest and most developed economies
7:25like the US Canada and UAE but then
7:28there are places like Venezuela and Iraq
7:30and Iran while these nations still trend
7:32wealthier on a GDP per capita basis than
7:35most of their Regional neighbors they
7:37certainly are not as wealthy as some of
7:38their neighbors on this chart plotting
7:40these nations out by GDP per capita
7:42proves it objectively there is very
7:45little correlation between oil reserves
7:47and National wealth economists know this
7:50and have studied the phenomenon since
7:51the birth of the P State and they have
7:53at least some straightforward
7:55explanations for example currency
7:57exchange rates at their simplest level
7:59ENT all the manners in which countries
8:01manipulate the relationship fluctuate
8:03based on the traditional influences of
8:05supply and demand in a Marketplace
8:07that's to say if more people want Guan
8:09dollars likely to buy things from Guyana
8:12they'll have to offer more US dollars
8:14per guanes dollar in order to compensate
8:16for the increased demand as only so many
8:18ganes are ever willing to take US
8:20dollars in exchange for their own of
8:22course when a nation starts producing
8:24oil plenty more people want to buy from
8:26it so plenty more people want its
8:27currency so without inter vention a
8:30currency's value will rise relative to
8:32others you'll get fewer guanes dollars
8:34in exchange for each us one this does
8:37have benefits a Guan person could now
8:39buy a product from abroad say an iPhone
8:42for Less given the increased value of
8:44their money imported goods in general
8:46get cheaper but it also presents
8:48challenges a guani sugar exporter for
8:50example gets their money from abroad
8:52their income is tied to foreign
8:54currencies and therefore their income in
8:56local currency is now effectively lower
8:59they might earn the same number of US
9:01dollars but those dollars translate to
9:03fewer goods and services locally so
9:06that's all to say absent intervention
9:08the success of oil often can lead to the
9:11failure of other older Industries in a
9:13nation the ones that actually employ
9:15local workers since oil tends to hire
9:17from abroad so oil Revenue by itself
9:20does very little for a nation and can
9:22actually actively damage the economy so
9:25what matters is what a government does
9:27with the revenue and the data pretty
9:29clearly shows what they
9:31should while oil reserves exhibit almost
9:34no correlation with GDP per capita
9:36another indicator does oil rents as a
9:39percent of GDP that's to say the more
9:42Reliant an oil Rich nation is on its
9:45resource the less its economy tends to
9:47have developed or flipping that the
9:49other way this appears to indicate that
9:51the more a resourcer nation diversifies
9:54away from its resource the greater its
9:56economy will grow of course these days
9:59this is obvious every oil Rich Nation
10:01talks constantly about diversification
10:04the number that actually achieve it
10:05though is low in that top 10 Group
10:09Canada Russia and the US were large and
10:11developed enough economies pre- oil that
10:13diversification was never a worry the
10:16industries in Venezuela and Iran are
10:18held back by sanctions and other
10:19geopolitical factors meaning oil rent as
10:21a percent of GDP likely would be higher
10:24in an unrestricted Market Saudi Arabia
10:26Iraq Kuwait and Libya are some of the
10:28world's most oil Reliant and have not
10:31had tremendous success historically at
10:33diversification even if Saudi Arabia and
10:35to a lesser extent Kuwait have started
10:37to make more meaningful progress fairly
10:39recently the UAE really stands as a rare
10:42example of a previously lowincome
10:45country experiencing a relatively recent
10:47oil boom and translating it into a high
10:50inome stable Diversified economy so
10:53guana's task is to add itself to that
10:56exclusive list and it's going to be
10:58anything but easy
10:59not only is Gana tiny it's disconnected
11:02and divided take the nation's 2012
11:05census it's most recent since the
11:06country is yet to publish its 2022
11:08Edition nationally 74% of people live in
11:12rural areas putting it near Afghanistan
11:15and Tajikistan in the metric and that
11:17doesn't consider that 90% of the
11:19population lives in six regions that
11:21comprise the coastlands while the other
11:2310% are spread across the other 2third
11:25of the nation's land mass in What's
11:26called the Hinterlands in the
11:28Hinterlands the closest comparable US
11:30state in terms of population density is
11:32Alaska while for the nation in whole the
11:35most comparable state would be the US's
11:37third least dense Montana gyana then is
11:41not only small in size it's small in
11:43population and population centers with
11:46pockets of people and Villages spread
11:47across a relatively rough and heavily
11:50forested landscape this makes managing a
11:52country let alone a functioning
11:54democracy all the more difficult as
11:56conveniences like Broadband or cell
11:58service or even paved roadways have yet
12:01to make it to many communities then
12:03zooming out another physical disconnect
12:06more than half of all ganes live outside
12:09of Ghana there are 300,000 in the United
12:11States nearly 100,000 in Canada and
12:1430,000 in the United Kingdom if the
12:17guanes population of Brooklyn was a city
12:19in Ghana for instance it'd be the
12:21country's second largest city
12:23effectively the country is split between
12:25those who have and haven't left with
12:27massive immigration beginning in the
12:29country in the 1970s largely on account
12:31of a lack of work prospects and moments
12:33of real instability fueled by another
12:35divide this one
12:38ethnic a result of colonial era
12:40indentured servitude and the
12:41transatlantic slave trade Gana is split
12:43between two major ethnic groups with
12:45nearly 40% of the population indogan and
12:48another 30% afro ganes while the country
12:51has been governed by a multi-party
12:53democracy since before independence in
12:551966 the nation's Stark ethnic divides
12:58have informed political leanings and
12:59fueled bouts of political violence with
13:02the afro ganes passionately backing The
13:03People's National Congress while indog
13:05ganes push the people's Progressive
13:07Party even in the country's heavily
13:09publicized and closely monitored
13:11elections of 1992 deem the nation's
13:13first fair and free riots and an attack
13:16on the elections commission Building
13:17made the New York Times the trend
13:19continued in the following elections of
13:211997 and 2001 as violence marred both
13:24occasions nevertheless Ghana has
13:27remained a democracy albeit a the
13:29concerningly frail one as it ranks 67th
13:32on The Economist democracy index where
13:34it's categorized as a flawed democracy
13:36and it's these types of indicators that
13:38have onlookers worried that Newfound
13:41wealth May well tip the country over but
13:44Ghana for its part has so far backed its
13:47commitment to democracy in its
13:48burgeoning oil boom for one they've
13:51taken a play out of the number one
13:52ranked democracy on this list Norway in
13:55creating a sovereign wealth Fund in 2019
13:57essentially a national scale Investment
13:59Portfolio to hold and grow the oil
14:02wealth because this fund or the natural
14:04resource fund is public ghis can keep an
14:07eye on it cutting down on corruption and
14:09because this fund is designed for the
14:11betterment of the country's future
14:12prospects it's directed to invest in the
14:14all important diversification of
14:16guyana's economy Beyond oil in some ways
14:19this move was a continuation of guyana's
14:212017 entrance into the extractive
14:23industries transparency initiative run
14:25by a Norwegian organization which showed
14:27a governmental willingness to open up on
14:29how oil money is being used and in 2021
14:32the messaging of 2017 and 2019 was
14:35doubled down on with further amendments
14:36to the natural resource fund that
14:38ensured any transfer out of the fund
14:40would have to be approved by Parliament
14:41rather than just a federal bureau with
14:43unelected Representatives at the helm
14:45and while young the program is beginning
14:47to pay some dividends in early 2024
14:50president aan Ali presented a national
14:52budget of 5.5 billion USD a number that
14:56blew past the previous year's High
14:58Watermark of 3 .75 billion making
15:01possible a budget some six times larger
15:03than that of 10 years prior was the fact
15:05that 29% of it was covered by four
15:08scheduled and executed transfers of
15:10natural resource funds money held in the
15:12New York Federal Reserve Bank back to
15:13the nation your marked within this big
15:16oil-backed budget was nearly $500
15:18million for developing agriculture
15:20infrastructure nearly $1 billion for
15:22Rose and bridges and another $20 million
15:25towards the University of Ghana to help
15:26reduce tuition payments all efforts a to
15:29close physical and educational divides
15:31within the country but perhaps the most
15:34exciting and ambitious aspect of the
15:35year's budget was the continued funding
15:37of a 300 megawatt natural gas power
15:40plant with another $400 million going to
15:43the project the plant could have a truly
15:45revolutionary impact on the nation as
15:48currently guana's total energy sector
15:50capacity sits at around 300 megaw and
15:52relies on inconsistent and often private
15:55self-generated Diesel power in taking on
15:57a 1.7 billion dooll project to pipe
16:00unused natural gas from the oil field to
16:02a plant roughly here Guana is using its
16:04oil windfall to potentially Electrify a
16:06country where houses are still Colonial
16:08remnants roads are still dirt and
16:11cooking in some Villages is done by wood
16:13and charcoal the life altering
16:15transformative potential can't be
16:17overstated but the project has hit some
16:20snags on the Exxon Mobile side the side
16:22responsible for constructing the 125 M
16:25or 200 km pipeline things are on Target
16:28and on time for an end of 2024 delivery
16:31however on the plant construction side
16:33the side contracted out by the federal
16:34government to the us-based partnership
16:36of CH4 and linsa disputes over timing
16:39and cost for the project have pushed the
16:40plant's projected opening into late 2025
16:44in the grand scheme of things though
16:45it's unlikely a delay and an increased
16:47price tag will prove too much of an
16:49issue or perhaps it's an example of a
16:52crack in the facade it wouldn't be the
16:54first well these first few years of
16:57Ghana's oil era have gone on balance
16:59smoothly hiccups have occurred for one
17:03in the 2020 snap election incumbent
17:05David Granger was nearly sworn in as
17:08president before the high court stepped
17:09in and blocked the move to make time for
17:11a recount which ultimately proved the
17:13initial vote counting fraudulent leading
17:15to aan Al's Inauguration in 2024 Ghana's
17:19Representatives found themselves in the
17:20crosshairs of the UN rights committee
17:22over complaints of corruption and
17:23non-competitive bidding processes linked
17:25to government officials and in every
17:27announcement of a new government program
17:29or large spending plan there's the
17:31questioning from near and far academics
17:33and overlooked rural gianis alike over
17:36exactly which gian's people are meant to
17:38benefit from such projects and then
17:41there's the Venezuela problem this
17:43region is called the esao it's a bit
17:46smaller than Florida it's home to over
17:48100,000 it's heavily forested it holds a
17:51trove of gold and diamonds and when
17:53looking at a map it traditionally
17:55appears within the borders of Ghana but
17:58not the one that vene introduced in late
18:002023 now the region has been disputed
18:02for more than a century and while a 1966
18:05agreement to find a solution then
18:07efforts by Gana to settle the dispute
18:08through the UN as recently as 2020 have
18:10pushed for a resolution Venezuela has
18:13refused to play ball and now the
18:15troubled country is only intensifying
18:18its rhetoric around the region as the
18:19reimagined map of Venezuela has been
18:21paired with nationalist messaging on the
18:23part of President Maduro that the rise
18:25of Gana and the encroachment of Exxon
18:27Mobile in the region an extension of
18:29American Empire in his view is a direct
18:32threat in a December referendum it
18:34appeared that a majority of Venezuelans
18:36agreed with the head of state as an
18:38incredible 99% of Voters agreed that
18:41Venezuela has the right to the region
18:44turnout however was so low and the
18:46results so obviously altered by the
18:48government that Guyana and the rest of
18:50the International Community wary of
18:52Venezuela's intensifying tone took a
18:54sigh of relief but Maduro has so far
18:57proved undeterred in the face of an
18:58unenthused Venezuelan voter base his
19:01government has spent much of 2024
19:03showcasing new missile boats on social
19:05media authorizing and publicizing
19:07military aircraft exercises over the
19:08Atlantic and expanding the anoko island
19:11military base and air strip directly on
19:13the border of gyana maduro's exact
19:15purpose and what the unpredictable
19:17regime does next remains to be seen but
19:20on top of its efforts to ensure it
19:21doesn't make the same mistakes as
19:23Venezuela gyana is also dealing with the
19:25existential threat of a large swath of
19:27the nation becoming
19:29Venezuela but overall the story of gyana
19:32is not a new one plenty of previously
19:34poor countries have navigated this
19:36complex web of opportunity and Peril
19:39what makes Gana situation unique is the
19:41combination of the fact that it's
19:43happening now it's happening in a
19:45democracy and it's happening in the US's
19:47backyard that really just means more
19:49people are paying attention there's a
19:51long history of countries getting
19:52trapped in the resource curse and ending
19:54up no better than they were pre- oil but
19:56many of those failures happened in an
19:58era where there was less historical
19:59precedent and therefore less recognition
20:02of the pitfalls worth avoiding there's
20:04also a long history of weak democracies
20:06devolving into authoritarian regimes
20:08with the pressures oil applies it's
20:11happened in Venezuela it's happened in
20:13Iran it's happening in Angola each time
20:16the direct causes are different but oil
20:18seemingly serves as fuel to the flame in
20:20flawed democracies when there's a lot to
20:23gain from corruption and weak
20:25institutions that could get in the way
20:27one seemingly just gets more corruption
20:29backed up by authoritarianism but
20:31there's not as much of a long history of
20:33countries as geographically close to the
20:35US experiencing the situation Venezuela
20:38is the main case and considering where
20:40it's ended up it'd be reasonable to
20:41assume that the US will play a much more
20:44active role in Guyana than it has in
20:46many of the West African economies that
20:47have gone through oil Booms for example
20:50guyana's off to a strong start right now
20:52in these early early years they're
20:55directing money in a lot of smart ways
20:56and the country's Democratic
20:58institutions appear to be intact but the
21:00bulk of the challenge is still to come
21:03guyana's only gone through one election
21:05since the scale of its impending oil
21:06wealth became clear and that was the
21:08election that nearly Ended as a coup the
21:11Gan oil boom is likely to be one of the
21:14world's last with peak oil Demand on the
21:17horizon the industry is growing less and
21:19less interested in investing the
21:21enormous amounts necessary to set up
21:23production in new areas already unlikely
21:26new discoveries will increasingly go
21:28unex exploit it so Gana presents one
21:31last opportunity to get it right the
21:33steps a nation in its position need to
21:35take are as clear as they've ever been
21:37it's the ensuring that it actually does
21:39so that's tricky but if it does it
21:42appears that gyana is set for an
21:44incredible transformation that will
21:46reshape the entire
21:49region of course understanding what's
21:51next for Ghana also requires an
21:53understanding of Venezuela's next move
21:55and understanding what Venezuela's up to
21:57has required a careful consideration of
21:59the biases within my own research on the
22:01topic given how politically charged
22:03anything to do with the country or its
22:05politics or its economy or its leader
22:07has become when looking for sources and
22:09news stories to inform this video I turn
22:11to ground news the sponsor of this video
22:14take for instance the issue of rising
22:15tensions between Venezuela and its
22:17neighbors an important component of this
22:19video given that maduro's regime is
22:21often associated with a perceived ills
22:22of socialism and given that so much news
22:25is often sensationalized to pull clicks
22:27and generate ad Revenue I wanted to make
22:29sure that it was fair to characterize
22:30Venezuela's tone as increasingly hostile
22:33towards its neighbors without repeating
22:34the biases of slanted news sources
22:36ground news allowed me to do that by
22:38compiling articles on the growing Rift
22:40between Brazil and Venezuela and
22:41characterizing the sources for such
22:43stories as Center left or right it also
22:46generated a list of key points made in
22:48right leaning articles and left leaning
22:49articles in this case given so many
22:51sources were considered Center and given
22:53that the right leaning and left leaning
22:54talking points were fairly similar I was
22:56able to continue drafting the script
22:58with confidence that I'm not simply
22:59echoing my own or anyone else's
23:01political biases and our only as ground
23:03news of massive Aid in spotting biases
23:05and slant in the stories you care about
23:07it also has a feature called blind spot
23:09that identifies and introduces stories
23:11that are not getting equal coverage from
23:12the right and left which is so helpful
23:15to any and all news consumers because it
23:17allows each and every one of us to move
23:19beyond our own biased media diets to
23:21consider what we're missing on top of
23:23blind spot ground news also has a local
23:25feed so you can plug in your city and
23:27quickly identify the slant and the
23:28stories that are getting covered in your
23:30hometown on top of this there's also my
23:33news bias which tracks reading habits
23:35over time with this I can see my most
23:37read Outlets the bias of the stories I
23:39read and even the topics and people I
23:41read about most is basically a diet
23:43tracker for news and one final aspect
23:45I'd like to shout out is the ownership
23:47feature that ground news has developed
23:49they've analyzed well over 2,000
23:51separate news sources to distill the
23:53ownership structure of each Source into
23:55one of seven categories ranging from
23:57wealthy private owners to two government
23:59owned and operated news sources which
24:01again helps me understand why a story is
24:03framed the way it is the fact of the
24:05matter is all media to a certain extent
24:07carries bias and all media consumers
24:09including myself carry some personal
24:11biases so if you want to counter such
24:13factors cut through all the rhetoric
24:15political positioning and organizational
24:16slant go to ground. news/ Wendover or
24:19follow the link in this video's
24:21description to try ground news today and
24:23save 50% on your subscription