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What Happens When Two Black Holes Collide?! | How the Universe Works | Science Channel
What Happens When Two Black Holes Collide?! | How the Universe Works | Science Channel
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0:00
We're taking our seats for the most
0:02
violent event in the universe, the
0:05
collision of two super massive black
0:08
holes. We've never witnessed this cosmic
0:11
heavyweight championship, but we can
0:13
build up a picture of this epic fight by
0:15
studying other weight classes with
0:17
lighter fighters.
0:23
2020, the Earthbound Gravitational Wave
0:27
Detector, LIGO, picks up the distinctive
0:30
signal of a stellar mass black hole
0:32
merger.
0:34
What we saw was a black hole of 85 times
0:38
the mass of our sun and another black
0:40
hole of 66 times the mass of our sun
0:43
smashing together to create a combined
0:46
black hole.
0:48
As someone who studies black hole
0:50
mergers, this was a really exciting
0:52
event.
0:53
>> We're talking about the largest, the
0:55
heaviest, the most massive black holes
0:57
we have seen collide to date.
1:01
It may be the largest detection, but on
1:04
a universal scale, it's still a small
1:06
fry. Like lightweight boxers, the two
1:09
black holes circle each other and emit
1:12
low energy gravitational waves.
1:16
This energy loss causes the black holes
1:18
to spiral in together.
1:21
Finally, they collide in a cosmos
1:23
shattering event,
1:26
forming a single black hole and
1:29
releasing a huge blast of gravitational
1:32
waves. But when astronomers examine the
1:36
single merged black hole, something
1:38
doesn't add up.
1:40
>> If you take the combined mass of the two
1:42
black holes, you get to 150 times the
1:46
mass of our sun. But actually, the black
1:48
hole that's left only has a mass of 142
1:53
times the mass of our sun. So, the mass
1:56
you have before the event does not equal
1:59
the mass you have after the event. What
2:02
happened to that missing eight solar
2:05
masses? The way these black hole mergers
2:07
work is very roughly 5% of the total
2:10
mass of the system gets converted into
2:13
energy.
2:15
It all comes down to E= MC^2.
2:20
>> This is that beautiful equation that
2:22
Einstein told us. E= MC². E is the
2:25
energy and M is the mass.
2:28
>> Einstein taught us that mass and energy
2:30
are related. In fact, much of what we
2:33
call mass is actually energy. In this
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case, the violence of the collision
2:38
transforms 18,000
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trillion trillion tons of matter into an
2:44
explosion of gravitational waves.
2:48
>> In just a fraction of a second, 8 suns
2:52
worth of matter is converted into pure
2:56
unadulterated energy. The amount of
2:58
energy released was so great that if you
3:00
add up all the energy of all the stars
3:03
burning in the universe,
3:05
it was bigger than that.
3:08
>> This event was a collision between
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relative lightweights,
3:13
two stellar mass black holes.
3:18
To understand heavyweight bouts, we need
3:21
to scale up to super massive black
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holes.
3:28
In the universe of sports, super massive
3:31
black holes are the heavyweight
3:32
contenders.
3:33
>> With these big black holes, size
3:36
matters. The bigger the better.
3:38
>> More mass means more energy, which means
3:41
more destructive power.
3:43
>> We don't need to look too far to find
3:45
this devastating muscle. This is M87
3:50
star, one of the largest super massive
3:53
black holes in our cosmic zip code.
3:57
M87 star is huge. It weighs about 6
4:01
billion solar masses, about 6 billion
4:03
suns, and it's the size of our solar
4:05
system.
4:07
>> A collision between two 6 billion solar
4:10
mass super massive black holes would
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release around 5 * 10 to the power of 56
4:16
jewels.
4:17
So, what's that mean in real world
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terms?
4:21
>> It's hard to use words to express how
4:23
much energy this is. And the numbers are
4:25
so huge they're almost meaningless. The
4:27
only way I can really explain this is
4:33
in physics we have these comparisons so
4:36
we can get a mental picture. But for
4:38
something like this there is no mental
4:40
picture that is so freaking big.
4:46
>> So where does this destructive mass and
4:48
energy come from?
4:54
It starts with the simplest ingredient,
4:58
hydrogen.
5:01
Hydrogen is the basic building block of
5:04
the universe.
5:06
Each atom is tiny, but it contains a lot
5:10
of energy.
5:11
>> Hydrogen atoms contain a huge amount of
5:14
energy, just like all matter does. And
5:16
if it's unlocked in a certain way, there
5:19
can be huge explosions.
5:23
I mean, you take the mass contained
5:25
simply in my hand and you could blow up
5:27
pretty much the entire Earth.
5:29
>> Matter has energy because it formed from
5:33
energy in the early moments of the
5:35
universe.
5:36
>> In many ways, atoms are reservoirs of
5:39
stored energy from the Big Bang.
5:43
>> 13.8 8 billion years ago, the universe
5:47
ignites at a super hot ball of intense
5:51
energy.
5:53
Right after the Big Bang, there's a
5:54
tremendous amount of energy. So much
5:56
energy, in fact, that normal atoms can't
5:58
exist.
6:01
>> As that early energy starts to cool, it
6:04
can start to form primitive matter.
6:09
The universe takes that first matter and
6:12
energy in the form of hydrogen atoms and
6:15
starts the process of creating a super
6:18
massive black hole. Step one, build
6:22
giant stars.
6:24
>> So, gravity brings together gas, dust,
6:27
hydrogen, all of that stuff. And as the
6:30
clouds become more dense, they attract
6:32
even more material.
6:34
>> As they spin, they get hotter and
6:36
hotter. And as that temperature and
6:39
pressure increase, finally it ignites
6:42
nuclear fusion within the core and
6:44
creates an actual star.
6:48
These huge stars are like cosmic rock
6:51
stars. They live fast and die young.
6:55
When they die, they flame out in a huge
6:58
explosion,
7:00
a supernova.
7:02
The entire star turns itself inside out
7:07
and releases a shock wave going a good
7:10
fraction of the speed of light and
7:12
releases enough energy to just
7:14
obliterate you.
7:17
If the dying star is more than 15
7:20
stellar masses, its core collapses into
7:23
a black hole.
7:26
>> It's kind of astounding what the
7:27
universe is doing. It's taking
7:28
incredibly simple things like hydrogen
7:30
atoms and using gravity to ultimately
7:33
bring all this stuff together and make
7:35
things like black holes.
7:37
>> I find it quite beautiful how our whole
7:40
cosmic history is the story of little
7:43
things coming together into bigger
7:45
things.
7:46
>> But these stellar mass black holes are
7:49
tiny flyweights. To step up to the
7:51
heavyweight division, they have to grow
7:54
billions of times more massive. But how?
7:58
>> How do black holes become super massive?
8:02
This is the age-old question. We're not
8:05
really sure.
8:07
>> The current state-of-the-art
8:09
understanding of how black holes become
8:11
super massive is like uh we're confused.
8:14
Really don't know.
8:16
>> We still don't know exactly how they
8:18
become so big.
8:21
But we do know that the process involves
8:24
ultraviolence, death, and destruction.
