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ALL THE APES, EXPLAINED 🦍🦧🚶♂️➡️
ALL THE APES, EXPLAINED 🦍🦧🚶♂️➡️
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Phụ đề (344)
0:00
When we made videos about the canine and
0:02
feline family trees and released these
0:04
accompanying beautiful posters, one
0:06
follow-up request rose to the top. Apes.
0:09
Hi, I'm David and this is Planet of the
0:12
Apes. Apes split off from monkeys around
0:14
25 to 30 million years ago. The simplest
0:16
way to tell the difference between apes
0:18
and monkeys is that apes are generally
0:20
bigger and don't have tails. But there
0:22
are a few exceptions. This is an ape,
0:24
and so is this. And so is this. And so
0:26
are all of these beautiful primates. And
0:28
hey, we are all apes, too. And in this
0:31
video, I'm going to take you on a tour
0:33
of all of your cousins and show off the
0:34
poster we made to celebrate them. Okay,
0:37
let's start off with a few of our
0:38
favorite extinct apes. The largest ape
0:40
to ever exist was Gigantoythecus, a
0:43
10-ft tall half-tonon behemoth who lived
0:45
in the forests of southern China until
0:47
around 300,000 years ago. You're going
0:49
to hear about a lot of pythecuses in
0:51
this video, by the way, since it's a
0:52
root term that basically means primate.
0:54
Despite its well giganticness,
0:56
Gigantoythecus was likely a pretty chill
0:59
vegetarian that spent most of its time
1:00
gnawing on bamboo. One of the strangest
1:03
extinct apes to ever exist was
1:05
Oreopythecus, who developed some really
1:07
weird adaptations while living on a
1:09
predator-free island in the
1:10
Mediterranean 6 to 8 million years ago.
1:12
First off, it had flat feet and short,
1:14
robust legs, probably because it spent a
1:16
lot of the time out in the open walking
1:18
around on two feet, about 4 million
1:20
years before any other ape did. Second,
1:22
it had incredibly long arms, which
1:24
helped it reach into mucky bogs and grab
1:26
its favorite food, swamp grass. Let's go
1:29
back a little farther in time, 25
1:31
million years ago, to meet
1:33
Rukquapythecus. It was tiny, barely 5
1:36
kilos, and it lived in the woodlands of
1:38
what is now Tanzania. But the
1:39
researchers who found its fossils
1:41
realized that it was a long missing link
1:42
between monkeys and people. In other
1:44
words, it was one of the very first
1:46
apes. So, let's go through
1:48
Rukquipythecus' living relatives, the
1:50
current ape family tree. There are two
1:52
branches, the great apes, which are
1:54
bigger, and the lesser apes, which are
1:56
smaller. You'll notice there are way
1:58
more lesser ape species than great ape
2:00
species. That's because for reasons
2:02
scientists don't really understand yet.
2:04
The lesser apes are super prone to
2:05
chromosome rearrangements, which means
2:07
that when a population splinters from
2:08
the main group, it often evolves a new
2:10
number of chromosomes, making it unable
2:12
to interbreed with the species it came
2:13
from. Okay, let's start with the lesser
2:16
apes. The l gibbon, which lives mostly
2:18
in Thailand, is the gibbon you are
2:20
probably most familiar with, as it's the
2:21
most common one in zoos, and it's a
2:24
kuner. Every morning, mating pairs sing
2:26
duets to one another across the forest.
2:28
Recently, researchers learned that these
2:30
songs don't just serve as a love
2:31
language. They also include info about
2:33
predators in the area. The agile gibbon
2:35
and the borne white-bearded gibbon are
2:37
some of the best athletes in the ape
2:38
family. When these gibbons swing through
2:40
the trees, they can reach speeds of up
2:42
to 55 km/h as they move between the
2:44
branches, and they can leap more than 15
2:46
m. That's the length of a semi-trail.
2:49
There are lots of other similar looking
2:50
gibbons on this branch, like the three
2:52
different types of gray gibbons that
2:54
live in Borneo, and Claus's gibbons that
2:56
live on the Mento Islands off the west
2:57
coast of Sumatra and the silvery gibbons
3:00
that live on the island of Java. In some
3:02
gibbon species, the males and the
3:03
females look totally different. Take the
3:05
piated gibbons of Thailand and Cambodia.
3:08
Male piated gibbons are black with a
3:10
ring around their face, while females
3:12
are tan with a black face and chest. In
3:14
most species of hoolock gibbons, which
3:16
live farther north in India and China,
3:17
the males are black with white eyebrows,
3:19
while the females are light brown with a
3:21
darker face. One species, the Skywalker
3:24
hoolock gibbon, was only discovered by
3:26
scientists 10 years ago, making it the
3:28
most recent addition to the entire tree.
3:30
And yes, those researchers were massive
3:32
Star Wars nerds. Now, let's check out
3:34
this bow of the gibbon branch of the
3:36
tree, the crested gibbons, which are
3:37
called that because it looks like
3:38
they've got these little mohawks on top
3:40
of their heads. The three crested
3:41
gibbons species, the black crested
3:43
gibbon, the eastern black crested
3:45
gibbon, and the hain black crested
3:46
gibbon, all live in northern Vietnam or
3:48
China. While all other gibbons live in
3:50
pairs, the crested gibbons are a little
3:52
laxer about this whole monogamy thing
3:54
and sometimes live in one male
3:55
multi-female groups. The Heinen black
3:57
crested gibbon is likely the most
3:59
endangered primate in the world. Thanks
4:01
to deforestation, there are fewer than
4:02
50 of them left in the wild. Then there
4:05
are the cheicked gibbons, known for the
4:06
cool facial roughs that both the males
4:08
and the females sport. The northern
4:09
buffed cheek gibbon, the southern white
4:12
cheicked gibbon, the northern white
4:13
cheicked gibbon, and the yellow cheicked
4:15
gibbon all stay high up in the canopy of
4:17
the forests of Laos, Cambodia, and
4:18
Vietnam, likely to keep away from the
4:20
clouded leopards and pythons that patrol
4:22
the lower branches. Finally, there's the
4:24
last bow of the lesser eight branch,
4:25
which contains only one member, the
4:27
Siang. The Siameang, which lives in
4:29
Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, is by
4:32
far the biggest of the lesser apes. At
4:34
up to 15 kilos, it's twice the size of
4:36
the others. In addition, it has an
4:37
inflatable throat sack that it uses to
4:39
magnify its songs across the forests.
4:41
That's all the lesser apes, given or
4:43
take a few. All right, now let's head on
4:45
over to the other side of the tree, the
4:47
great apes. The great ape that we're
4:49
least related to is the orangutane,
4:50
which gets its name from the Malay words
4:52
for forest and person. The Borneian
4:55
orangutane was made famous by Barut
4:56
Galdigos who has been studying these
4:58
solitary animals for more than 50 years.
5:00
Male Borneian oranges, at least the
5:02
bigger dominant ones, develop
5:04
distinctive wide facial plates and
5:06
regularly come down to the ground to eat
5:07
fallen fruit, while the less dominant
5:09
males and the females stay protected up
5:11
in the trees. The Sumatran orangutane is
5:13
less likely to come to the ground to
5:15
eat, probably because there are lots of
5:17
hungry tigers around. The Tapanoli
5:19
orangutane also lives in Sumatra, but
5:21
just in one tiny isolated corner. It's a
5:23
little bit paler than the sumashian one.
5:24
It's also the rarest great ape. There
5:26
are likely less than a thousand of them.
5:28
Okay, let's get into the gorillas. Most
5:30
western gorillas live in the lowland
5:32
rainforests of the Republic of Congo and
5:34
live in groups of several females and
5:36
one dominant male who's called a
5:37
silverback. These gorillas weigh up to
5:39
100 kilos, and they're pretty clever.
5:41
They've been seen using sticks to
5:43
measure the depths of streams before
5:44
they try to cross them. Eastern gorillas
5:46
live in Rwanda, Uganda, and the
5:48
Democratic Republic of Congo. The most
5:50
famous eastern gorillas are the mountain
5:52
gorillas. Made famous by primatologist
5:54
Diane FSY. They are huge. Silverback
5:57
males can weigh more than $200 kg, but
5:59
are known as peaceful giants who
6:01
tolerate the presence of humans. In
6:02
fact, mountain gorilla tourism is a
6:04
giant business. It generates more than
6:06
$60 million a year. Ooh. Ooh. Now we're
6:09
getting somewhere. We've arrived at our
6:11
closest living relatives, the bonobos
6:13
and chimpanzees, who diverged from us
6:14
humans just 5 or so million years ago.
6:16
Bonobos and chimps split off from one
6:18
another just over a million years ago
6:19
thanks to the widening Congo River which
6:21
split the two groups apart. We made a
6:23
whole video about that. Because the
6:25
bonobos didn't have to compete with
6:26
gorillas for food, they ended up
6:28
peaceful and relatively bohemian,
6:30
settling most of their disputes with um
6:32
snuggles. The most famous bonobo was
6:34
Kanzi, who wowed researchers by quickly
6:36
learning to use a modified form of
6:37
language to communicate complex ideas.
6:39
He was also an avid gamer. He especially
6:41
liked playing Minecraft. Unlike the
6:43
hippie bonobos, chimpanzees have no
6:45
qualms about resorting to violence. The
6:47
group I used to study in Uganda would
6:49
regularly go out on patrols looking for
6:51
males from other groups to beat up or
6:52
even kill. Chimps also have intricate
6:54
cultural traditions that they would pass
6:56
down from one generation to another.
6:58
Primatologist Jane Goodall found that
6:59
chimp moms would teach their children
7:01
how to fashion twigs in just the right
7:03
way to successfully fish for termites.
7:05
Before we get to the last remaining
7:06
living ape, you know, humans, let's talk
7:09
about what happened way back when after
7:10
the human and chimp lineages split. One
7:13
of the first homminids to walk upright
7:14
was Oralopythecus Apparensis. Hey,
7:17
there's that Pythecus route again. The
7:19
most well-known Oralopiththesine is
7:21
Lucy, who was named after the Beatles
7:22
song that the scientists played on
7:24
repeat while she was excavated from a
7:25
valley in Ethiopia. Lucy and her
7:27
relatives were pretty small, around 4t
7:29
tall, and mostly ate fruit, seeds, and
7:32
roots. About 2 and a half million years
7:34
ago, Homohabilis evolved in eastern and
7:36
southern Africa. They were bigger than
7:37
the oralopithesines and were the first
7:39
hominids to make basic stone tools.
7:41
There's evidence that Homohabilis was a
7:43
scavenger. It would scare off hyenas and
7:45
lions from kills and then use those
7:46
stone tools to hack off meat and bones
7:48
to munch on. Then about 2 million years
7:51
ago, not too long before Homohabilis
7:53
went extinct, Homo Erectus evolved.
7:55
Erectus basically looked like a modern
7:57
human with long legs capable of walking
7:58
extremely long distances. It was the
8:00
first homminid to make its way out of
8:01
Africa and into Asia and Europe. Erectus
8:04
was also the first homminid to learn how
8:05
to make fire and to take down big
8:07
animals by themselves. Modern Homo
8:09
sapiens likely evolved from a branch of
8:11
the Homoctus tree. But our species
8:13
wasn't the only human species to split
8:14
off. In fact, around a couple hundred
8:16
thousand years ago, Homo sapiens shared
8:18
the Earth with several other human
8:19
species, not to mention the bands of
8:21
Homoctus that were still around. Let's
8:23
meet our neighbors. The other human
8:25
species you're probably most familiar
8:26
with is the Neanderthalss. You've
8:28
probably heard about how big and strong
8:29
they were, and they needed to be in
8:31
order to survive the cold in Northern
8:32
Europe and to hunt down the woolly
8:34
mammoths that made up most of their
8:35
diet. They also painted the caves where
8:37
they live. At the same time, the
8:38
Dennisovvens ranged across Asia and a
8:40
little bit of Europe. They were as big
8:42
as the Neanderthalss, but looked a
8:43
little different, likely because they
8:44
evolved adaptations to help them live
8:46
high up in the mountains. They also
8:47
liked making jewelry and bracelets.
8:49
There's evidence that the Dennisovvens
8:50
and the Neanderthalss occasionally
8:52
overlapped. In fact, at one cave in
8:54
Siberia, researchers found a human with
8:55
DNA that showed she had a Dennisovven
8:57
father and a Neanderthal mother.
8:59
Homohidlebergensis lived in southern
9:01
Europe around the same time. They were
9:03
likely taller than the other groups of
9:04
humans living around and also relied on
9:06
hunting big game for food.
9:07
Hidlebergensis specialized in taking
9:09
down the straight tusked elephants that
9:11
lived in that area. At around the same
9:12
time, there was also a species of tiny
9:14
humans, Homo Floresensus, that lived on
9:17
an isolated island in Indonesia. Despite
9:19
being only 3 and 1/2 ft tall, these
9:21
islanders were able to successfully hunt
9:22
the local elephants, which were also
9:24
pretty small due to the phenomenon of
9:26
island dwarfism. Homo floresiansis
9:28
thrived by themselves for 100,000 years.
9:31
And less than a decade ago, researchers
9:33
in the Philippines found yet another
9:35
human species, Homolonensis, that also
9:37
likely lived around the same time. Like
9:39
Homo Floresensis, Luzonensis was tiny.
9:42
But unlike any other human species,
9:43
there's evidence that Luzonensis became
9:45
more aroreal again. Their curved
9:47
handbones indicate they spent a bunch of
9:49
time in the trees, perhaps gathering
9:50
fruit and raiding bird nests. And
9:52
finally, at the very same time that
9:54
those six other species existed all
9:56
around Africa, there were small bands of
9:58
homo sapiens, which look pretty much
10:00
exactly like modern humans. Over the
10:01
next couple hundred thousand years, as
10:03
our species spread all over the world,
10:05
we became more capable of complex
10:07
language and thought, our social
10:08
networks grew, allowing us to pass new
10:10
skills and tradition down across
10:12
generations. And as the rest of the
10:13
human species either died off or
10:15
interbred with us, homo sapiens became
10:17
the last humans in existence and the
10:19
only ape that's capable of making a
10:21
video and a beautiful poster about apes.
10:23
Okay, so about that ape poster. It was
10:26
painstakingly drawn in amazing detail by
10:29
our wonderful illustrator Homo sapiens
10:31
here at Minute Earth, and it would look
10:33
fantastic on the wall of your house or
10:34
your classroom. To get one, click on the
10:36
link in the description. And if you buy
10:38
it in a bundle with our dog and cat
10:39
taxonomy posters, you'll get 20% off.
10:42
Thank you, and thanks for supporting
10:44
Minute Earth.
