First, authorities will step up inspections of black‑smoke‑emitting vehicles in all 50 Bangkok districts. They will also link databases to track vehicles that are banned, and promote the Green List programme to encourage better maintenance and lower emissions.

Second, the city will tighten its Low Emission Zone (LEZ). During severe pollution episodes, only vehicles that meet Green List criteria will be allowed to enter, limiting urban exhaust.

Third, under the “Bangkok and Beyond” approach, officials will improve pollution forecasts and monitor sources beyond the capital’s borders, including open‑burning, while providing support for farmers.

Fourth, environmental inspection teams will check construction sites, restaurants, factories, businesses and other high‑risk areas, targeting emissions at their source.

Fifth, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) will review existing regulations to make sure they are comprehensive and fair before a future Clean Air Act is introduced.

The five‑point strategy illustrates a layered response: combine strict vehicle checks, targeted low‑emission zones, better forecasting, on‑the‑ground monitoring and regulatory overhaul. Cities facing similar PM2.5 spikes can adapt these elements to their own contexts.