How an Amusement Park Works

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0:00a top of mountain next to a hot spring

0:02and a long I70 in a small 10,000 person

0:05mountain town in the middle of

0:06Colorado's Rocky Mountains is a

0:08scattering of roller coasters thrill

0:10rides attractions and Cave tours

0:12collectively known as Glenwood Caverns

0:14Adventure Park sitting 7,100 ft or 2200

0:18M higher than sea level it is the

0:20highest elevation amusement park in

0:22America and the only one perched at top

0:24of mountain before there were screams

0:27however there was just a whisper it was

0:30Charles Darrow a Glenwood Springs

0:31Homesteader who first caught the faint

0:33whistle of cool air escaping from deep

0:36inside Iron Mountain in the late 1800s

0:38and saw a business opportunity the

0:41mountain had revealed its secret and

0:42after exploring the fairy caves himself

0:44Darrow opened them up for visitors on

0:46Horseback in

0:471896 then in the mid 1910s the caves

0:50again closed off not on account of

0:53inaccessibility but economics the

0:55attraction just didn't attract in the

0:57midst of an economic downturn so they

1:00sat for another 70 years before Steve

1:02Beckley and his curiosity set off

1:04another era of evolution at top Iron

1:06Mountain it was on an adventurous date

1:08their second with his now wife Jean when

1:10the couple bravely squeezed through a

1:129in wide passage known as Jam crack and

1:15laid their eyes on the expansive awe

1:18inspiring lower reaches of the King's

1:19Row cave by then the couple was sold on

1:22one another and on the idea that the

1:24caves needed to be seen by the public

1:26the two convinced the owners to sell the

1:28land to them so they could reopen the

1:29cavern to the public what whispered to

1:31Darrow more than a century prior was now

1:33poised to be a destination for hundreds

1:36of thousands the Begley's instincts were

1:39spoton the caverns were an immediate

1:41draw 500 people showed up for the first

1:44tour in 1999 and by 2003 more than

1:47100,000 people were visiting annually

1:49all scaling the mountain via bus in

1:51tedious switchbacks but buses were not

1:54enough as the tendons continued to rise

1:56to accommodate the crowds the Beckley

1:58installed a trainway into 2003 so park

2:01goers could ride straight to the summit

2:02and forgo the bumpy bus ride of its

2:04backside in the first year of its

2:06operation the tram helped increase

2:07attendance by 50% shuttling 300 people

2:10up per hour but then another problem

2:13while the transportation was more

2:15efficient and getting people up the

2:16mountain the caves remain the same size

2:19the tours roughly the same capacity the

2:22upshot longer and longer lines people

2:24now waiting under the hot summer sun for

2:26up to 3 hours to tour the fairy caves

2:29something had to

2:31change but rather than limit attendance

2:33the Beckley went the other way and added

2:35capacity dumping 1.5 million dollars

2:38into a master plan and slate of

2:40activities that people could do while

2:41they waited to explore the caverns and

2:43as with the tram the Beckley went all in

2:46by 2005 guests could scale up the 32t

2:49rock climbing wall or they could strap

2:51into the country's very first Alpine

2:53Coaster a half mile ride on a metal

2:55track that Steve personally traveled to

2:57Europe to secure from uncertain

2:58operators suddenly fin the mountain was

3:00becoming a park as a virtuous cycle

3:03emerged the more offerings the bigger

3:05the crowds next came a zipline than a 40

3:08theater and then a giant canyon swing

3:10once a modest park opened for Curious

3:12cavers Glenwood Caverns quickly

3:14transitioned into a veritable amusement

3:16park where people could spend an entire

3:18day perched precariously above the

3:21Colorado River but just one piece was

3:24missing to fully earn that moniker the

3:27most iconic feature of any amusement

3:29park a roller coaster and so in 2012

3:331430 ft of Twisted steel made its way up

3:36the mountain and the transition was

3:38complete once up and running the

3:40Cliffhanger became and Remains the

3:42country's highest altitude roller

3:44coaster the Cliffhanger has two hill

3:46climbs which quickly plunge into several

3:48angled loops and it all unfolds in just

3:5080 Seconds the ride is breathtaking so

3:54too was the process of buying it perhaps

3:57counterintuitively given their size and

3:59relative d and there is a secondhand

4:01market for amusement park rides and it

4:03can get competitive when celebration

4:05City in Branson Missouri put its coaster

4:07up for sale for just about 1th rack rate

4:10Glenwood Caverns was interested but so

4:12too were elich Gardens in Denver and Six

4:15Flags in Buffalo New York two far larger

4:17Parks ultimately the caverns placed a

4:19winning bid at

4:22$375,000 practically a Ste but then

4:24there was the matter of getting it

4:25installed which required 11 flatbed

4:27trucks traversing all the way to the top

4:29of the Mountain which along with

4:31refurbishing cost the park another

4:34$425,000 the Cliffhanger was worth it

4:37while the Alpine Coaster was and Remains

4:39the Park's most popular ride the

4:41Cliffhanger filled a niche as thrilling

4:43but not so thrilling that it would scare

4:45people away it was and is an important

4:48piece to an Ever evolving puzzle that

4:50the management of Glenwood Caverns just

4:52like that of every amusement park is

4:54trying to figure out how to draw crowds

4:56in how to minimize lines how to maximize

4:59The Visitor experience and how to turn a

5:01profit all

5:02simultaneously in solving this puzzle

5:04every ride has a purpose take the canyon

5:07swing this ride is wildly inefficient in

5:10terms of load capacity and the number of

5:12cycles that can run at a given time

5:13maxing out at just 80 people per hour

5:16just not many people can ride it very

5:18quickly but because the swing launches

5:20out over a 1300t 400 met drop above the

5:23Colorado River and Glenwood Canyon not

5:25as many people might want to ride it to

5:27begin with but it serves two key

5:29purposes one to appeal to Adrenaline

5:32Junkies looking for the most thrilling

5:33experiences and two to act as something

5:36highly marketable a ride that looks

5:38great in video or on social media or

5:40even sounds good by Word of Mouth fully

5:42exhibiting the Park's iconic landscape

5:44sitting at top of mountain overlooking a

5:46Canon on the other end of the spectrum

5:48there's the mine wheel and the Wild West

5:50Express both bought secondhand and

5:52relocated from Canada and situated here

5:54and here they're less marketable and

5:56more tame but this helps alleviate line

5:58pressure on the cliff hanger and

6:00provides an alternative to the canyon

6:01swing for families wanting to hop on a

6:03ride together and kids too small or too

6:05scared to stare down a 1300t drop while

6:08upside down sitting in between rides

6:10like the Wild West Express and the

6:11canyon swing is the giant Canyon flyer a

6:14tree swing also pursed here providing

6:16High suspended Thrills with less

6:18required commitment and thrill than the

6:19latter then there's the zip line which

6:21replaced the original zip line and isn't

6:23very efficient in terms of Rider

6:24turnover as it only seats two Riders at

6:26a time but makes the most of the Park's

6:28unique vantage point wasting Riders 600

6:30ft or 200 M up the line with mountain

6:32views are hard to match because it was

6:34slow and in demand the park doubled down

6:37and added a second variation of the same

6:39ride directly next to it then there are

6:42the more extreme in 2017 the crystal

6:45tower then called The Haunted mind drop

6:47became the first and only underground

6:49drop tower in the world plunging Riders

6:51into negative -2 and2 GS and 110 ft or

6:5435 M into Iron Mountain and in almost

6:57complete darkness where other Drop Tower

6:59in the world allow passengers to see

7:01where they're falling the uniqueness a

7:03ride that loads from the top and

7:04plummets into the ground prompted USA

7:07Today to call it one of the most

7:08anticipated rides of the year so that's

7:10to say this ride is something unique

7:12that Riders can only get here and

7:15therefore it can help attract press and

7:16social media attention and Beyond the

7:18superlatives its convenient location

7:20towards the lower reaches of the park

7:22also allowed Glenwood Caverns To Build A

7:24New Path creating a walking Loop further

7:26dissipating crowds further adding areas

7:28to explore across a full day at the park

7:31with more draws more rides more

7:33attractions and just more things to do

7:35now the lines were forming at the base

7:37of the gondola just to get people up the

7:39mountain and into the park now even the

7:41Tramway once a solution to moving people

7:44quicker needed an upgrade in 2019 the

7:46cavern spent $8 million to install a new

7:49six-person ski resort style Gondola

7:51capable of whisking 1,000 Riders per

7:53hour up the 1 and 1/2 mil or 2 and 1/2

7:56km in 7 minutes almost 75 % of Park

8:00goers are there for the rides but about

8:01a quarter of people will simply take the

8:03gondola up and have a bite at the

8:05lookout Grill in a relaxed outing but

8:07now with the capacity to attract more

8:09visitors the park wanted to push forward

8:11into the big leagues of rides they

8:14wanted a ride that would break records

8:16so they cracked a brochure not long

8:19after the roller coaster industry began

8:22to buzz in April 2021 gauer announced it

8:25would build a new record-breaking roller

8:27coaster somewhere in the United States

8:29to debut in 2022 coaster pundits

8:32speculated that it could be installed

8:34anywhere from Cedar Point to Dollywood

8:36all gersau said was that it would be in

8:38a high-profile location that guests

8:40would be racing to finally the news

8:43dropped Glenwood Caverns the presumed

8:46Dark Horse potential location of the

8:47bunch would be the new home of a

8:50customized Euro Fighter coaster with a

8:52gravity defined 109° drop which would

8:55make it the steepest roller coaster west

8:57of the Mississippi and it lived up to

8:59the hype reviews on everything from Trip

9:02Advisor to Reddit to Tik Tok gushed over

9:04its dramatic views and hair raising

9:06flips that exceeded their

9:08expectations so what makes it so

9:10thrilling or really what makes any

9:12roller coaster thrilling when designers

9:14set out to create a satisfying coaster

9:16they want to construct a series of

9:18movements that writers experienced as a

9:20cohesive albeit hair raising Symphony

9:23rather than a oneandone Screamfest

9:25that's because intense flips and loops

9:27work best when they're balanced with

9:29Brea moments of calm which let writers

9:31process the thrill they've just

9:32experienced and steal themselves for the

9:34next Engineers design coasters from

9:36beginning to end so that no part will

9:38exceed four or five G's or the amount of

9:40force equal to four or five times the

9:42normal rate of gravity the limit of what

9:44an average person can withstand for a

9:45short time nearly every roller coaster

9:48will have a mix of these components

9:50Hills inversions and break runs Defiance

9:53begins with an impressive Hill and

9:55inversion known as the Twisted Top Hat

9:58it combines a hill that lifts Rider

10:00straight up or a camel back hill and a

10:02turn any initial Hill on a roller

10:04coaster is designed to accelerate and

10:06this is no exception it goes from 0 to

10:0958 M or 93 kmph as it drops to this

10:13point there's no breaking as it's a

10:15total freef fall powered by gravity and

10:17slowed down by the rides later turns and

10:19inversions on defiance these later

10:22inversions include the heartline zerog

10:24roll where the hill preceding it

10:26accelerates at an equal rate to the

10:27acceleration of gravity which which

10:29means functionally there is no

10:31gravitational force exerted on Riders

10:32when they flip upside down and they feel

10:35weightless Defiance is also one of only

10:37five coasters in the US to boast a

10:39banana roll an inversion that flips

10:41Riders upside down twice at the very end

10:44Riders come to a stop before the station

10:46in a break run all of this the hill the

10:48inversions the brake run takes less than

10:50a minute to ride there are hundreds of

10:53sensors along defiance's relatively

10:55short track which communicate with this

10:56Central Monitor and alert ride operators

10:58to any mou functions or slowdowns as

11:00quickly as possible despite its

11:02futuristic capabilities though

11:04defiance's jaw-dropping lift Hill still

11:06relies on Century old coaster technology

11:09it's supported by a chain lift Hill

11:12which has remained the coaster industry

11:13standard for over a century this has two

11:16main features the chain dog and the

11:18anti-rollback dog the chain dog is how

11:21the cart is pulled through the ride it's

11:23a metal chain attaching the car to the

11:25Coaster's track it's threaded underneath

11:27the car's length and gives the car a

11:29another point of contact in addition to

11:31its Wheels as the car travels up the

11:33Camelback Hill it's pulled by the metal

11:35chain rather than a motor mounted on the

11:36vehicle itself this ensures the car

11:39cannot physically move backward if the

11:41ride were to stop unexpectedly this

11:43chain dog is complemented by an

11:44anti-rollback dog which adds an

11:46additional back stop for emergencies

11:48this anti-rollback dog is a feature of

11:51every ride vehicle it's a blunted metal

11:53rod that drags between the car's wheels

11:55and along the chain Hills Groove tracks

11:57to lock the vehicle in place and in case

11:59of an unexpected stop and counteract the

12:01backwards force a stalled ride vehicle

12:03will generate between these features the

12:05lift chain Hill ensures the ride can

12:07come to a complete stop even on a

12:09vertical hill without ricocheting

12:11backwards and at the end of the ride

12:13defiance's braking system ensures the

12:15ride quickly comes to a complete stop

12:17without the need for electricity it's

12:19called a magnetic induction brake system

12:21powered by a deceivingly simple physics

12:23concept known as an eddy current as the

12:26ride enters the brake run a series of

12:27embedded magnets in the coaster track

12:29will activate opposing magnets located

12:31in the ride vehicle itself this causes a

12:34set of brake fin Alloys to pop out from

12:36either side of the ride vehicle which

12:38generates an opposing magnetic field

12:40that pushes back against the track

12:41magnets and slows them down according to

12:44Newton's third law of physics every

12:45action has an equal and opposite

12:47reaction so the force generated by a

12:49high-speed car entering the brake run

12:51will generate an opposing magnetic field

12:53with equally impressive strength that

12:55can bring the car slowly and smoothly

12:57back into the station the faster the

12:58coas cars travel the stronger the brake

13:01fin alloys' opposing current will be so

13:03the magnets alone safely slow the ride

13:06this entirely magnetic system allows

13:08Defiance to operate without any physical

13:10braking mechanisms there's no contact or

13:12wear components constantly bearing the

13:14brunt of vast frictional force which

13:16means there's no need for braking

13:18maintenance and in case of emergency

13:20this braking system can also operate

13:22without power it's a safer smoother and

13:24cheaper brake system all powered by the

13:27intuitive Simplicity of magnetic field

13:30but beyond the fundamental experience of

13:31accelerating a ride vehicle to highway

13:33speeds then slowing it down to a gentle

13:35stop less than a minute later amusement

13:37rides need a multi-layered strategy of

13:40safety to avoid accidents that's because

13:42at the scale of hundreds or thousands of

13:44riders per day any margin for error not

13:47accounted for will eventually lead to an

13:49accident so the goal is not to make a

13:51ride safe once but to have multiple

13:54systems and protocols that ensure safety

13:57simultaneously the first layer is is

13:59design where potential concerns are

14:01addressed long before a ride's

14:02manufactured or sent to a park in this

14:05Engineers are tasked with designing out

14:07problems that do arise for example the

14:10shoulder restraints involve a clever bit

14:12of engineering where their default

14:13position is locked unlocking them

14:16requires an electric current that is fed

14:18into the car by a connector at the

14:19station therefore once the vehicle has

14:21left the station there simply is not a

14:23way that an electrical fault could cause

14:25the restraints to unlock the ride

14:27vehicle doesn't have a way of doing so

14:29independently without that outside power

14:32in the event a ride vehicle gets stuck

14:33on the track and needs to be evacuated

14:36operators will bring a battery pack that

14:37applies this electric current to the

14:39ride vehicle itself to unlock the

14:41restraints so broadly designing rides so

14:43that the failure state is safe rather

14:46than unsafe is a key tenant of ensuring

14:48that even most mechanical faults can't

14:50hurt the rider then the second layer is

14:54guard rails on top of Designing out as

14:56many safety risk factors as possible

14:59ride manufacturers and Parks will create

15:00these protocols to ensure a second layer

15:03of safety Glenwood Cav's manual safety

15:05tests start every day at 7:00 a.m. with

15:07teams conducting their daily inspection

15:09protocol of each ride then before every

15:11ride cycle in Defiance the operator will

15:13conduct their own manual safety check

15:15including physically checking each

15:16shoulder restraint even though the ride

15:18computer can detect when a restraint is

15:20latched this manual check serves as the

15:22guard rail a second layer of safety in

15:24the extremely unlikely instance that the

15:26first layer fails the next safety layer

15:29is planning for the worst case scenario

15:31creating contingencies or detailed

15:34strategies and backups for if things do

15:36go wrong on the Defiance coaster one

15:38contingency is for this the Camel Back

15:41Hill if the ride lost power for example

15:43the vehicle would still be pushed

15:45through to the End by the sheer force of

15:47this hill alone as long as the car

15:49reached the top of the hill before

15:51losing power but if it hadn't yet

15:53cleared the hill before it lost power it

15:55gets stuck which requires a contingency

15:58plan for how to to get Riders out one is

16:00the fact that the ride like most has a

16:03backup generator capable of running it

16:05even if the grid goes dark but the

16:07second contingency is this lift Tower if

16:10due to compounding power failure or some

16:12other fault Riders get stuck on the hill

16:14it allows operators to safely access and

16:16evacuate riders in that event by way of

16:18an embedded elevator that spans The

16:20Hills Height but rides themselves aren't

16:24the only risk factor that Parks need to

16:26mitigate just simply bringing thousands

16:28of people together is a risk factor

16:30especially when they're on top of a

16:32mountain only reachable by Gondola or

16:34winding dirt road Colorado's

16:36unpredictable weather with all too

16:38frequent afternoon thunderstorms means

16:40that the park might close rides or shut

16:41down the Mountaintop altogether if

16:43lightning is within 10 miles most rides

16:45will shut down including all of the park

16:47thrill rides the park has an always

16:49active lightning monitor that constantly

16:51tracks how close the strikes are to the

16:53park if lightning is within 5 miles of

16:55the park all rides and the gondola will

16:57shut down too they need that time since

16:59it takes about 7 minutes to clear all

17:01Riders close down the gondola and ground

17:04a lightning rod so it won't be

17:05irreparably damaged if it is struck by

17:07lightning the gondola and rides will

17:09then reopen when 10 minutes have passed

17:11without a lightning strike in the 5 Mile

17:13boundary the park also has a radar

17:15system that constantly monitors the

17:17storm cells in the Park's vicinity

17:19located here inside of the gonda's

17:21control room in most cases this system

17:23will identify potentially harmful storms

17:25before they descend on the park and give

17:27officials time to prepare however if the

17:29radar shows storm cells directly above

17:31the park officials will immediately

17:33decide to shut down operations right

17:35then and there during the Summer monsoon

17:37season storms will often only last

17:39between 30 to 45 minutes meaning guests

17:41will only be stuck in the park

17:42temporarily but in the event the gondola

17:44can't reopen the park fires up its Fleet

17:46of buses to shuttle guests down via

17:48their service road but the other

17:50particular risk factor born out of

17:52Glennwood cern's unique location is that

17:54of wildfire it is surrounded by largely

17:57undeveloped fire prone Wilderness and in

18:00the dry Colorado Summers fires are

18:03common just four years ago the Grizzly

18:05Creek fire burned thousands of Acres

18:07within ey shot of the park well

18:09typically fires are slow moving enough

18:10that the park just simply wouldn't open

18:12if it were within a risky distance from

18:14one it also has developed a protocol of

18:16what to do if a fire unexpectedly

18:18emerges while the park is already open

18:21if Wilderness within 5 miles is burning

18:23the park and the Garfield County sheriff

18:24and emergency management office will

18:26likely decide to evacuate which the park

18:28can do at an accelerated Pace with the

18:30use of both its Gondola and buses but

18:32the lack of direct Public Road access

18:34does mean that there are limits to how

18:37fast it can evacuate so in the event of

18:39something going really wrong a quick

18:41shift in winds a nearby lightning strike

18:44anything the park does have a rather

18:46unique way of Sheltering its thousands

18:48of guests in place they go to the caves

18:52the 2020 Grizzly Creek Fire proved to

18:54the park that the caves do stay smoke

18:56free even when it's intolerably thick

18:58outside they've pre-positioned emergency

19:00supplies within each of their two cave

19:02tour areas including snacks first aid

19:04space blankets tourniquets water and

19:06even parts to build a rudimentary

19:08restroom enough to get by until

19:10emergency crews can assist in a more

19:11fullscale evacuation as it is with ride

19:14specifically then it is with the park

19:16generally safety measures by themselves

19:18Aren't Enough a park requires carefully

19:20thought through layers of measures this

19:23is emblematic of the core difficulty of

19:26running an amusement park it's not

19:27necessarily that ult to give a guest a

19:29good safe valuable experience once the

19:32difficulty is in doing so over and over

19:35and over again up to thousands of times

19:37per day that's because the guest's

19:39experience is singular they experience

19:41the park once while the park experiences

19:43each guest in countless different ways

19:45through each ride each line each

19:47employee each concession stand each

19:49bathroom through every single element of

19:51the park the guest perceives so each and

19:53every day the employees of Glenwood

19:55Caverns and any amusement park clock in

19:57to play their small role in the endless

20:00pursuit of perfecting that symphonic

20:04experience there's a very particular

20:06reason we filmed this video at Glenwood

20:08Caverns one that I'm sure many of you

20:10have already realized it's that this is

20:12also the location where we filmed the

20:14finale of our nebula original show the

20:16getaway in that we put our contestants

20:18through a series of challenges involving

20:19the caverns as rides to gain the chance

20:21to win the final prize the audience

20:24feedback on that episode was great many

20:26seem to think it was the best episode in

20:27the series and you probably could watch

20:29it by itself without having seen the

20:31rest of the series if you want however

20:33to give a little context on the show we

20:35basically told the contestants that this

20:36was an elimination style show where they

20:38had to figure out who was the secret

20:39sabator in order to win but we actually

20:41just told them all they were the secret

20:43sabator so they were all trying to

20:45covertly sabotage everything despite the

20:47fact that they were actually all on the

20:48same team and nobody was trying to

20:50figure them out as you can imagine this

20:52led to chaos and of course the reason we

20:55were able to afford to make such a

20:56relatively High budget show you know

20:58cast crew size of 25 by the way was

21:00thanks to the hundreds of thousands of

21:02nebula subscribers as I'm sure you know

21:04by now nebula is the creator founded

21:06Creator run and Creator owned streaming

21:08service designed to be the best

21:09ecosystem to Foster Innovative engaging

21:12shows and movies that you're just not

21:13getting out of Hollywood in addition to

21:15the getaway there's a great show by Neo

21:17called underexposure two by real life

21:19lore called modern conflicts and the War

21:20Room a new short film by Jesse gender

21:22called identities and more are coming

21:24all the time like Dracula's

21:26ex-girlfriend an upcoming release from

21:27philosophy tube that on really looking

21:29forward to nebula's analytics show that

21:31a far higher proportion of people who

21:32sign up stay subscribed than with major

21:34streaming services which I believe

21:36indicates that the users find it more

21:37worthwhile for example I haven't even

21:39mentioned yet that on top of all that

21:41original content you get our normal

21:43videos add and sponsorship free and it's

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How an Amusement Park Works

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